7. 12. 2006 Phonology- encoding words
Phonology: encoding words with phonemes or graphemes
Phonetics: The world of speech sounds
Words, stems, etc. are signs
conceptual world and the real world
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eg. you have the conception of an Apple Pie in your mind, but the real one can look completely different
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the same can be true for sounds
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Conceptual world: Phonology - real world: Phonetics
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phonemes:
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internal structure: “configuations of distinctive phonetic features”
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external structure (see syllables)
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rendering: “contextual variants”, “allophones”
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syllables:
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function: “word distinguishing phoneme configurations”
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internal structure: “configurations of sequential features (consonantal, vocalic; voiced, unvoiced; ...) and simultaneous features (tone, accent)
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external structure (word)
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rendering: a function of the rendering of phonemes
( http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/~gibbon/Classes/Classes2006WS/IntroductionToLinguistics/06-IntroPhonology.pdf)
This graphic illustrates how a compound word is divided into several syllables.
Task
Define:
Find examples of 5 not-too-short words
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transcribe them (don’t worry about accuracy - maybe check in a web dictionary
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mənɪpjuleɪt
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həƱmsɪk
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aƱtdɔ:rs
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dɪfɪkəlr
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mɔdəst
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divide them into syllablesEnglish syllables are quite long in contrast to other languages. On of the longest is probably "strange" streɪndʒ.
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mə- nɪp- ju- leɪt
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həƱ- msɪk
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aƱt- dɔ:rs
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dɪ- fɪ- kəlt
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The English basic syllable structure is ( like in the word strange) CCCVVCCC.
You can also draw a transition network or a state diagramme where you can see all possible and impossible combinations of vowels and consonants.
We defined phonemes as the smallest word- distinguishing segments with an internal structure consisting of configurations of distinctive phonetic features. In its external structure is is represented, like syllables, in words. It is reproduced in contextual variants.
To find out how articulatory phonetics works, we visited
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/%7Edanhall/phonetics/sammy.html
where you can see how your speech organs move ( or not move) while producing special sounds.
To find the pronunciation of a word you do not know or you forgot, you can visit http://onelook.com/ , where you find information about the pronunciation of a word and many more.
That English was not an easy language when it comes to spelling because of a mostly different pronunciation was something we all already knew... but that you could pronounce "ghoti" like "fish" was completely new to us.
"gh" is pronounced /f/ in "tough", "o" is pronounced /i/ in "women", and "ti" is pronounced "sh" in "nation"... but well of course you cannot pronounce "ghoti" like "fish" because there are several "spelling- to- sound rules".
To demonstrate how hard English pronounciation can be, he asked several students to read the following sentence:
If the bread dough is tough, knead it roughly, even though when you’re through you’ll have had enough and will throw it at the ceiling.
if ðə brɛd dəʊ: ɪz tʌf ni:d ɪt rʌfli: ivən ðəʊ wɛn juə ɵru: ju:l əv hæd ɪnʌf ənd wɪl ɵrəʊ ɪt æt ɵə si:lɪɳ
Phonetics - Realising sounds
http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/~gibbon/Classes/Classes2006WS/IntroductionToLinguistics/07-IntroPhoneticsArticulatory.pdf
In this graphic you see the different domains of Phonetics which are articulatory phonetics ( the production of speech sounds), acoustic phonetics ( the transmission of speech sounds) and auditory phonetics ( the recetion of speech sounds).
( same source as graphic above)
This picture shows another way of representing the three domains of phonetics.
The Articulatory Domain
The Acoustic Domain
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The Speech Wave-Form
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Basic Speech Signal Parameters
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The Time Domain: the Speech Wave-Form
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The Frequency Domain: simple & complex signals
Fourier Analysis: the Spectrum
Pitch extraction
The Auditory Domain
Articulatory Phonetics
The articulatory organs
Positions:
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Uvula (with back of tongue)
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Pharynx (with velum (nasals))
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Velum (soft palate) (contact with tongue: velars)
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Palate (hard palate) (with tongue)
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Alveolar ridge (Upper teeth) (with tongue, with lower lip)
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Upper lip (with lower lip, perhaps with tongue)
( same course as above)
Forms of representation of pronunciation
For general pronunciation representation in the lexicon:
For detailed representation of speech pronunciation:
Tasks
Some more spelling rules ( http://esl.about.com/library/weekly/aaspelling_rules_a.htm , 29.11.06)
Remember this poem to decide if a word should be spelled ie or ei.
Except after c
Or when it sounds like a
As in neighbor or neigh.
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Examples for line 1:
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mischief
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believe
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field
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Examples for line 2:
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receiver
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conceited
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Examples for line 3:
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eight
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weigh
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freight
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Some Exceptions:
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friend
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neither
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leisure
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foreign
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Examples:
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amuse + ing = amusing
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creative + ity = creativity
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Examples:
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measure + ment = measurement
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definite + ly = definitely
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How to add a suffix or verb ending when a word ends in y.
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Examples:
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belief = beliefs
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half = halves
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Examples:
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studio = studios
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cargo = cargoes
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Learner's diary
The first part of today's lecture was about Phonology, which is the encoding of words with either phonemes or graphemes.
We once again considered the sign model to include the act of encoding words into a larger context.
Sounds are represented by phonemes and syllables and therefore we defined what they actually are.
We talkes about the basic English syllable structure which is quite long in contrast to other languages.
We had a look at the interactive sagittal section where you can see how your mouth and tounge move while pronouncing different sounds.
Moreover we were introduced to articulatory phonetics, the phonetic cycle and the articulatory organs.
I really liked this lecture, especially playing with the interactive saggital section, because it helped me to understand the IPA signs and will help me further in my other classes to transcribe English into IPA.
Homework
English and German: tasks
Pronunciation: List...
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the consonants of German which do not occur in English
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the consonants of English which do not occur in German
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the vowels of German which do not occur in English
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the vowels of English which do not occur in German
Spelling: List...
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the characters of German which do not occur in English
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the characters of English which do not occur in German
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5 English graphemes containing more than one character
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th -> ɵ
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th -> ð
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sh -> ʃ
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ng -> ɳ
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ck -> k
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5 German graphemes containing more than one character
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sch -> ʃ
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ph -> f
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ng -> ɳ
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ck -> k
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ch -> ç
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ch -> x
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_pronounciation 7.12.06
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraph_%28orthography%29 7.12.06
http://esl.about.com/library/weekly/aaspelling_rules_a.htm , 29.11.06
Homework
Articulatory phonetics tasks
Take a look at the model on the Interactive Sagittal Section
website and
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practice with it to get used to the different combinatons of active and passive articulators
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pronounce all the sounds you form with the website, observing the movements of your articulatory organs
t the lips are spread, the tounge is pressed against the alveolar
f the lower lip is pressed agains the upper teeth, tounge is not used
v same position as f but voiced